LYUH ESTHER PROTEOGLYCAN CHONDROITIN DIRECT

Proteoglycan - Collagen and Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis and Cartilage Cell Regeneration

1. What is Proteoglycan?
- Proteoglycan is a major component in cartilage, along with type II collagen, and it is the final synthetic product of chondroitin.
- Initially, it was a very expensive raw material at 300 million won per 1 gram, but high-purity purification technology from salmon cartilage has been established.
- In Japan, it is the top ingredient in joint nutrition supplements, standardized to 24mg-40mg per day for functionality and quantity.
- Salmon cartilage extract powder contains 40% proteoglycan and 40% type II collagen.

2. Mechanism of Joint Arthritis Improvement
① It accounts for over 30% of the components in cartilage.
② It promotes the synthesis of collagen and hyaluronic acid.
③ It stimulates the regeneration of cartilage cells and prevents the reduction of cartilage components.
④ It promotes the formation of the synovial membrane.
⑤ It reduces inflammatory cytokines.

3. What are Joints/Cartilage?
- Degenerative joint arthritis is difficult to treat with medication, so there is considerable research on treatment through the intake of joint/cartilage components.
- Many ingredients like glucosamine, chondroitin, MSM, and Boswellia are available, making "Proteoglycan" the most scientifically valid product proposal.
- Joints are the areas where two or more bones come into contact. Both sides of the bones are covered with articular cartilage, and inside the joint is the synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.
- The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid, which is involved in the nutrition and metabolism of joint cartilage. Synovial fluid is composed of proteoglycan and hyaluronic acid.

4. Components of Cartilage
- Over 50% of the dry weight in cartilage is composed of collagen, with 90%-95% of that being type II collagen.
- About 30%-40% of cartilage is made up of proteoglycan. Proteoglycan is a complex of core protein and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which include chondroitin sulfate, amino sugars, and mucopolysaccharides.
- The common form of proteoglycan, aggrecan, consists of over 100 chondroitin sulfates and over 50 keratan sulfates.
- In proteoglycan, 55%-90% of the core protein is chondroitin sulfate.
- Hyaluronic acid makes up the cartilage surface and synovial fluid, providing lubrication for the cartilage and its surroundings.
* Glucosamine: A building block for core proteins (chondroitin, proteoglycan, hyaluronic acid) and promotes the synthesis of related components.
* MSM: Promotes anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in cartilage, as well as the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate and heparin sulfate.

5. Progression of Degenerative Joint Arthritis
- Early Stage: Chronic Inflammation → Explosive Increase in Macrophages and T-cells → Increased Thickness of the Synovial Membrane → Invasion of Joints and Cartilage Surface by the Synovial Membrane.
- Late Stage: Increased Fluid within the Joint Cavity → Changes in Cartilage Cells → Decreased Type II Collagen and Proteoglycan → Cartilage Cell Destruction by MMP Enzymes, Structural Cartilage Damage.
- Given that changes in the synovial membrane initiated by chronic inflammation lead to cartilage destruction, it is recommended to consider two approaches for joint cartilage management:
  ① Anti-inflammation (e.g., green-lipped mussel oil, MSM, Boswellia, etc.).
  ② Intake of joint structural components (e.g., glucosamine, chondroitin, proteoglycan, collagen, etc.).

1) Salmon Cartilage Extract Powder (Proteoglycan): Promotion of Collagen, Hyaluronic Acid, and Synovial Fluid Production, and Cartilage Regeneration Effects.
- Contains over 40% proteoglycan and over 40% type II collagen.
- Increases the proliferation of cells that generate cartilage, promoting cartilage regeneration and preventing reduction.
- Promotes collagen and hyaluronic acid production.
- Anti-inflammatory effects: Controls tumor proliferation by stimulating PDCD4 and inhibiting miR-21. (PDCD4: Encrypted protein regulating tumor growth and inflammation)
- Human application trial (Japanese clinical study): Improvement in osteoarthritis symptoms in 30 men and women aged 40 to 70 who consumed 40mg per day for 12 weeks.

2). Squid Cartilage Extract Powder (Chondroitin E): Decreases MMP Expression and Inflammatory Factors (COX2, PGE2, Leukotriene B4).
- Contains Chondroitin E, with over 20% type II collagen.
- Chondroitin is a component of proteoglycan, reducing the expression of MMP enzymes (cartilage-degrading enzymes).
- Chondroitin decreases the enzymes (COX-2) and hormones (PGE2, Leukotriene B4) responsible for inflammation.
- Human application trial (domestic raw material): Consumption of 1200mg per day for 100 men and women aged 40 to 75 with knee joint arthritis resulted in reduced pain indicators.
- Chondroitin E Type: Demonstrates outstanding effects in osteoporosis prevention and collagen synthesis compared to Chondroitin A, B, and C.

3) N-Acetyl Glucosamine: Promotion of Chondroitin, Proteoglycan, and Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis.
- Extracted from the chitin of deep-sea shrimp shells at a depth of 1000 meters, chitin offers superior physical strength and chemical stability compared to plant cellulose.
- A key component of the shell makes it an ingredient in cartilage for chondroitin, proteoglycan, and hyaluronic acid.
- Human application trial: Significant improvement in knee mobility when 67 individuals with knee pain consumed NAG 1000mg per day for 12 weeks.

4) Hyaluronic Acid: Provides Lubrication around Cartilage, Promotes Proteoglycan Synthesis.
- Hyaluronic acid is distributed within cartilage and synovial fluid, making cartilage smoother.
- It is a primary ingredient in joint injections prescribed by hospitals, reducing joint arthritis pain.
- Enhances the synthesis of proteoglycan reduced by inflammatory cytokines (IL-1).

5) Horse Elastin
- A peptide from horse ligaments, it contains over seven times the amount of desmosine and isodesmosine compared to fish-derived elastin peptides.
- Elastin constitutes 50-70% of ligaments, playing a crucial role in connecting bones and facilitating joint movement.
- Ligaments contribute to joint stabilization and require elasticity, making elastin a vital component.
(Note: The ingredient name "Mal Elastin LN" refers to Ligamentum Nuchae, which is the abbreviation for nuchal ligament at the back of the neck.)

1. 5 Complex Oral Disintegrating Film (ODF) with All Cartilage Components
- Oral disintegration refers to the direct absorption of functional ingredients through the oral mucosa into the bloodstream.
- Since it does not go through the digestive metabolism, there is minimal loss of functional ingredients, and the absorption rate in the body is fast, making it suitable for emergency medications like those for angina.
- The oral mucous membrane, in particular, has approximately 4,000 times greater permeability compared to the epidermis, making it suitable for the application of water-soluble low-molecular-weight substances.

2. Blending the Key Cartilage Regeneration Component 'Proteoglycan' with 'Chondroitin E' That Reduces Cartilage-Degrading Enzymes
- All cartilage structural components are blended (Type II collagen, proteoglycan, chondroitin, hyaluronic acid), and even ligament components (mal elastin) are included.
- Proteoglycan is a major cartilage structural component that promotes the synthesis of collagen and hyaluronic acid, facilitating cartilage regeneration.
* Research reports confirm the cartilage regeneration effect of proteoglycan.
* Human application trials confirm the improvement of osteoarthritis with proteoglycan.
* Research reports confirm the anti-inflammatory and collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis promotion by proteoglycan.
- Chondroitin E Type demonstrates superior effects in osteoporosis compared to A and C types.
* Research reports confirm increased collagen synthesis and osteoporosis improvement compared to A and C types.
* Research reports confirm the reduction of MMP enzymes, reduction of inflammatory factors, and improvement in joint arthritis with chondroitin.

3. N-Acetyl Glucosamine with Increased Bioavailability through Enzymatic Fermentation
- A synergistic component that promotes the synthesis of chondroitin, proteoglycan, and hyaluronic acid.
- Enzymatic fermentation results in lower impurities compared to glucosamine and stability under heat and pH.
- Over twice the bioavailability compared to glucosamine.

4. Hyaluronic Acid that Promotes Proteoglycan Synthesis
- A synergistic component that promotes the synthesis of proteoglycan.
- Hyaluronic acid is a component in joint injections prescribed by hospitals, reducing joint pain.

5. Ligament Structural Components That Connect Bones and Provide Flexibility
- Contains over seven times the amount of desmosine and isodesmosine compared to fish-derived elastin peptides.
- Ligaments constitute 50-70% of ligaments, playing an essential role in connecting bones and facilitating joint movement.

- Those who wish to regenerate cartilage with just one tablet a day 
- Those looking to address anti-inflammatory effects and consume all cartilage components in one go
- Those seeking a safe, effective, and long-term recommended joint arthritis supplement 
- Those who have not experienced the desired effects with chondroitin and glucosamine supplements
- Those who are tired of large-sized joint supplements (chondroitin, glucosamine, MSM)
- Those who want to consume premium joint nutrition like proteoglycan